The Dilemma of Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide Essays -- Euthanasia Ph

The Dilemma of Euthanasia      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jack Kevorkian, serving a 10-to-25-year prison sentence for second-degree murder for giving a lethal injection to Thomas Youk, was honored as a humanitarian on April 10. Kevorkian received the Gleitsman Foundation's Citizen Activist Award in ceremonies at Harvard University. Foundation president Alan Gleitsman calls him "a selfless believer in death with dignity" who "sacrificed his medical license and now his own freedom toward that cause." With Kevorkian unable to attend, the award was accepted for him by one of those who nominated him -- his victim's wife, Melody Youk. Kevorkian will share the $100,000 award with Alabama attorney Bryan Stevenson, a crusader against the death penalty. Kevorkian has long favored allowing execution by lethal experiments or removal of a prisoner's vital organs.    What is happening here? At Harvard University a famous euthanasia-doctor receives a gift of $100,000. What's wrong with this picture?    Numerous US studies have established that the Americans most directly affected by the issue of physician-assisted suicide -- those who are frail, elderly and suffering from terminal illness -- are also more opposed to legalizing the practice than others are:    * A poll conducted for the Washington Post on March 22-26, 1996, found 50% support for legalizing physician-assisted suicide (Washington A18) Voters aged 35-44 supported legalization, 57% to 33%. But these figures reversed for voters aged 65 and older, who opposed legalization 54% to 38%. Majority opposition was also found among those with incomes under $15,000 (54%), and black Americans (70%).    * An August 1993 Roper poll funded by the Hemlock Society and other euthanasia sup... ...d suicide: attitudes and experiences of oncology patients, oncologists, and the public." 347 The Lancet 1805 (June 29, 1996):1809    Humphry, Derek. "What's in a word?" Euthanasia Research & Guidance Organization 1993, Table 1-A.    Koenig, Dr. Harold et al.. "Attitudes of Elderly Patients and their Families Toward Physician-Assisted Suicide." 156 Archives of Internal Medicine 2240 (Oct. 28, 1996)    Lee v. Oregon, 891 F.Supp. 1429 (D. Or. 1995), vacated on other grounds, 107 F.3d 1382 (9th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 328 (1997).    "Poll Shows More Would Support Law Using Gentler Language," TimeLines (Jan.-Feb. 1994):9    Washington v. Glucksberg, 117 S. Ct. 2258, 2262 n. 7 (1997. -- -- --. 117 S. Ct. at 2272, quoting United States v. Rutherford, 442 U.S. 544, 558. 1979. Washington Post, April 4, 1996.

Acupuncture for Pain Management

Acupuncture for Pain Management Everyone at one point in his or her life has felt pain. Image if you had constant pain with no relieve in site. With acupuncture, relief is just a thin wire away. Scientists are not ready to admit that acupuncture works in pain management. However, studies have shown that acupuncture can modifies the perception of pain and how it is processed by the brain. Through neuroimaging and genomics, scientists can see the changes within the brain’s pain center. They have observed molecular changes in the nervous and immune system. Acupuncture has very few side effects, compared to side effects that one might receive from a management that uses drugs. Overall, one could say that acupuncture is the better choice for pain management. Acupuncture is one of the oldest healing practices in the world. There is recorded evidence that it can be dated back to 200 B. C. Acupuncture is one of the key components of the traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). (NCCAM1) It was widely used in China and Asian countries, until 1972 when acupuncture gained attention in the United States. In 1972, James Reston, a reporter traveling with President Nixon in China, had to undergo an emergency appendectomy. He was impressed with his post-operative pain relief consisting of acupuncture and upon his return to the United States, he wrote an article in the New York Times about his experience. Then in 1997, acupuncture was formally recognized as a mainstream medicine healing option. (UOMaryland) Acupuncture is described as a system of healing where the patient is treated by insertion of extremely thin needles into their body at specific points. It is a principle of Chinese medicine that works off your body’s energy called qi, which can be described as one’s life force, or energy. This energy flows through pathways called meridians and each meridian is attached to one organ or a group of organ to maintain proper flow of Qi. When there is a blockage of energy, illness and pain can happen. Insertion of extremely thin acupuncture needles into the precise point within the meridian can resolve balance and restore energy flow. nccam1) With classic Taoist philosophy, believes that illness is cause by imbalanced elements of yin and yang. Yin refers to material substance and yang is energy. When there is an imbalance between yin and yang, acupuncture helps restore balance. (Brit) All of our life we have been conditioned into believing that drugs and medication are the only relief for our aches, pains, and discomforts. Medication comes in two varieties, over the counter and prescription drugs. Over the counter drugs is w hat most people take for pain, rather than prescription drugs. The most common type of over the counter drugs is NSAID’s, some common names are Aleve, Ibuprofen, and Tylenol. To find out more about a drug and their side effects, you can look on line, read the package, or consult a physician desk reference (PDR). Take Aleve for example; it is for temporary relief of minor aches and pains and can temporary reduce a fever. Some common side effects are; constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, gas, headache, heartburn, nausea, stomach upset and stuffy nose. Also listed on the PDR for consumer’s page online are some severe side effects for Aleve: Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; trouble breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue; wheezing); bloody or black, tarry stools; change in the amount of urine produced; chest pain; confusion; dark urine; depression; fainting; fast or irregular heartbeat; fever, chills, or persistent sore throat; loss of appetite; mental or mood changes; numbness of an arm or leg; one-sided weakness; pale stools; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin; ringing in the ears; seizures; severe headache or dizziness; severe or persistent stomach pain or nausea; severe vomiting; shortness of breath; sudden or unexplained weight gain; swelling of the hands, legs, or feet; unusual bruising or bleeding; unusual joint or muscle pain; unusual tiredness or weakness; vision or speech changes; vomit that looks like coffee grounds; yellowing of the skin or eyes. (drugs. com) Acupuncture works off one’s own energy within the body to eliminate pain, without t he major side effect that drugs can produce. How acupuncture works is not entirely clear, but technology has allowed scientists it uncover pathways in the brain that respond to acupuncture. The number of meridians varies, ranging from 14 to 20 with at least 2000 acupuncture points. nccam1) One theory of many, suggest that acupuncture stimulates the nerve fibers that transmit to the brain and spinal cord, which activates the body’s central nervous system. This in turn releases hormones that make us feel less pain and improve overall health. (uofmary) Researchers are using genomic techniques to see what happens on a cellular level and the effects in the expression of genes involved in pain. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and megnetoencephalography (MEG) that are able to reveal areas of the brain that are affected during pain and show the impact of acupuncture. (nccam2) Dr. Vitaly Napadow, a Harvard Medical School neuroscientist, and his colleagues performed a research study on patient with carpal tunnel syndrome. This study used fMRI before and after acupuncture demonstrated that the brain responded to acupuncture with greater activation in the hypothalamus region of the brain and deactivation in amygdala, located deep in the temporal lobe of the brain. These areas of the brain are connected with long-term memory, emotions, behavior and the maintenance of persistent pain state. (nccam2) The FDA has had very few complications reported with the amount of people who receive acupuncture and the number of needles used. Some of the common side effects are minor bruising and forgotten needles. Fainting has also been reported as a side effect. With the use of single usage needle, infections are rare, but still a possibility. There are some but very rare cases of organ puncture. (AFP Article) Work Cited Unites States. Dept. of Heath and Human Services. Acupuncture: An Introduction. National Center For Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Aug. 2011. Web. 11 Nov. 2011 United States. Dept. of Heath and Human Services. Acupuncture and Pain: Applying Modern Science to an Ancient Practice. Feb. 2010. Web. 11 Nov. 2011 Rosted, Palle. â€Å"Adverse Reactions after Acupuncture: A Review. † The Medical Acupuncture Web Page. Web. 12 Nov 2011. Williams, Craig. â€Å"Modern Pain, Ancient Solutions. † Acupuncture Today. Nov. 2011: Vol. 12, Issue 11. Web. 12 November 2011. Novella, Steven. â€Å"Acupuncture Does Not Work for Back Pain. † Science-Based Medicine. 13 May 2009. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. Novella, Steven. â€Å"Does Acupuncture Work or Not. † Neurologica Blog. 25 Sep. 2007. Web. 11 Nov. 2011.

Developmental Theory Essay - 1726 Words

Summary of the Contributions and Shortcomings Of Piaget’s Theory. This essay will be summarising the contributions and shortcomings of the Cognitive-Developmental theory and firstly explore the background and key concept’s of Piaget’s work behind child development. Secondly Piaget’s ideas about cognitive change and the four stages of development from birth which are the sensorimotor stage, the pre-operational stage, the concrete operational stage and the formal operational stage and how this impacts development. Thirdly the main weaknesses of the cognitive theory and why, and look at whether any studies/theories support or refute Piaget’s theory and if they are credible to apply to real life. Finally determining whether Piaget’s theory†¦show more content†¦Piagets explanation of cognitive development is an important theory that is used by many, but by learning all of the other theories that are associated with the cognitive development we can see that even Piagets theory has its own weaknesses. Vygotskyâ €™s Sociocultural theory for example emphasises the effects of rich social and cultural contexts of children’s thinking whereas Piaget’s theory looks at the biological side of cognitive development. Vygotsky who found a flaw in Piaget’s work believed that language helps children think about mental activities and children speak to themselves for self guidance he called this ‘private speech’. Piaget however had different ideas and come to the understanding that ‘egocentric speech’ which was the meaning he gave it, happens when the child is attempting to converse with others but was failing. Piaget also theorized that ‘egocentric speech disappeared with age because the child learned to consider the viewpoint of others while talking’ (Piaget, 1971). Many studies have been conducted and almost all have supported Vygotsky’s perspectives of language (BerkHarris, 2003) Vygotsky and Jerome Bruner both emphasized that la nguage is a lot more important than what Piaget’s theory implied. Piaget’s theory has also suffered from criticism for some of his case studies on whether all individuals automatically move to the next cognitive stage as they biologically mature. Psychologists believed that PiagetShow MoreRelatedDevelopmental Stages And Developmental Theories1004 Words   |  5 PagesDevelopmental Stages and Developmental Theories There have been numerous studies on human development to explain how we function at different stages in our lives. These studies have looked at development from birth to adulthood. Researchers have wanted to know what makes individuals tick so that different methods can be applied to help individuals, in the current stage they are in, to realize their potential. In some cases it has to be up to the parents or teachers, specifically with the earlyRead MoreDevelopmental Theories Essay816 Words   |  4 PagesReaction Paper Number One Theories of Development There are many types of developmental theories. First being the Psychoanalytic Theory, and the Cognitive Theory. Within these two types of theories there are several psychologists that have their own theory of development. After exploring these different theories I will then share my opinion on which theory I believe to be more accurate. By definition the Psychoanalytic Theory describes development as a primarily unconscious and heavily coloredRead MoreThe Theory Of Developmental Psychology1644 Words   |  7 Pages Developmental Psychology 2 Abstract Developmental Psychology is a scientific study that shows psychological changes in human being to birth to adulthood. It was first made to help infants and children, but now it has expanded to help the adolescence and adults just as well. Paul B. Baltes, has apply the six principles of human development, lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, gains and losses, contextualRead MoreThe Theory Of Developmental Psychology1896 Words   |  8 PagesDevelopmental psychology is viewed as different types of approaches which aim to look at how people develop. Theories such as Bowlby s attachment theory can explain how a child s development can be altered by their attachment, thus leading to the ideology of the nature vs nurture debate, nature referring to the process of biological maturation while nurture is referring to the influence of the environment or surroundings, which involves the idea that a person learns through experiences.(McLeodRead MoreTheories And Theories Of Development al Psychology874 Words   |  4 Pages DESCRIBE AND EVALUATE 2 THEORIES IN DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Attachment states to a particular strong bond with a specific person or persons. The bond among the person is emotional and effective, and the person that an infant bond to in this way is known as an attachment figure as said by Schaffer(1977),there are three ways in which attachment can be developed. There are three ways in which attachment can be developed. The first one is when the new born baby is attached to any human; secondary,Read MoreThe Theory Of Developmental Psychology1336 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopmental psychology is viewed as different approaches which aims to look at how children and adults develop. Theories such as Bowlby s attachment theory can explain how a child s development can be altered by their attachment, thus leading to the ideology of the nature vs nurture debate, nature referring to the process of biological maturation while nurture is referring to the impact of the environment or surroundings, which involves the idea that a person learns through expe riences. (McLeodRead MoreReflection Paper On Developmental Theories1283 Words   |  6 PagesReflection Paper on Developmental Theories First of all, through this assignment, I have learned that it is necessary to apply the knowledge of human behavior and the social environment to each case presented. Adults build life structures or patterns of living that are altered during their life cycles. They claim that each relationship an individual occupies cause some conflicts and balances that exist between the stages. It pushes a person to question their life structure and questions whereRead MoreDevelopmental Theories, Erikson And Freud Essay979 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand what development means and how people develop, especially children. In this essay I will talk about two very important developmental theories, Erikson and Freud. In addition, compare their similarities and their differences. Erikson was a psychologist who was greatly influenced by Freud. Although influenced by Freud there are some differences in there developmental stages. Erikson believed that development in an individual was molded by society, culture, and environment. While Freud’s beliefRead MoreDevelopmental Theories in Juno Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pagesexcellent representation of film and the creative process coming together to create characters and a story that draws in the audience and allows them to invest themselves in the lives of the characters, but it is also an excellent example of the developmental process. This is because the movie reflects not only the development of its protagonist Juno MacGuff and her emotional growth and development, but also her physical development throughout her pregnancy. Juno  begins with the adolescent protagonistRead MoreRelationship Of Themes Of Developmental Theories Essay1955 Words   |  8 PagesRelationship of Themes to Developmental Theories First of all, loneliness, a first developmental theme addressed above can be related to John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth’s Attachment theory, where Amy is living with her estranged father after the death of her mother. Initially she spends most of her time living alone as she does not have any friends and her father is busy in his work. It’s seems that both are not attached emotionally with each other which results in the manifestation of her affectionless

The Ethics Violations By Ceos - 1197 Words

I chose to do my research paper on the ethics violations by CEOs. How the people that are given trust to grow and develop companies have used their history, greed, power, control, trust and authority over money or property and along with fearlessness, bring down the companies which they have been entrusted with. I was not sure about what the words ethical and unethical really meant. So I defined it! Within this paper I will discuss how some of the biggest companies CEO that was given the opportunity to lead and manage others but instead they take until there were nothing to take leaving owner, employees and consumers out in the cold with nothing to hold on too. Accordingly, Christopher M. Barnes from the website article â€Å"What Does Contemporary science says about ethical leadership?† That if a leader at all levels set the ethical tone for subordinates in their units either by omission or commission and have a significant impact on how their subordinates act and perform. I ndeed, leaders are often the most important source of information that subordinates look to for guidance in their behaviors. Engaging in ethical leadership is among the most important components to leadership. Some people believe that ethical leadership is simply a leader who behaves ethically. Others believe that ethical leadership reveals itself more in the behavior of followers than in that of the leader himself. Accordingly to Forbes CEO are being brought to justice, like Toshiba s chief executive andShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemmas Of A Business Leader1268 Words   |  6 Pagesorganization, violate the Uniform Commercial Codes, and ultimately violate the five Biblical ethic principles. Ethical Dilemmas There are various ethical dilemmas that a business leader can engage in. Business leaders who engage in inappropriate relationships with their subordinates demonstrate unethical behavior, and ultimately put the organization in an ethical dilemma. For example, Lockheed Martin’s former CEO, Chris Kubasik, was asked to resign after it was discovered that he was engaging in an inappropriateRead MoreDiscussion Board Forum 1: Business Ethics. The Volkswagen1396 Words   |  6 PagesDiscussion Board Forum 1: Business Ethics The Volkswagen (VW) corporation experienced a major scandal after it conspired to manipulate data for diesel emissions. Business ethics, legal issues, and a Biblical worldview are common areas of failure and are clearly present in this case. Lippe (2015) stated that these acts were deliberate and examined the responsibility of legal counsel to mitigate such acts. If not for road testing by engineer, John German, excess emissions may not have been detectedRead MoreSNC-Lavalin Group Inc: Accounting Ethics1638 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Accounting ethics Introduction SNC-Lavalin Group Inc. is an engineering and construction company headquartered in Montreal, Canada. 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Policy GuidelinesRead MoreEST 310.2.3-08 Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pages EST 310.2.3-08 Western Governors University The APEX Company BUSINESS ETHICS CODE OF CONDUCT TABLE OF CONTENTS A. The APEX Company Ethics Program Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 B. Standards and Procedures APEX Code of Conduct †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 C. Ethics Training Program New Employee Training †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Current Employee Training †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 D.Read MoreCode of Ethics in Trans World Entertainment Corporation Essay550 Words   |  3 PagesThe Trans World Entertainment Corporations is the code of ethics that I will be critiquing. 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Kozlowski had a reputation for being aggressive in his field and during his tenure at Tyco was named one of the â€Å"Top 25 Managers of the Year† and became one of the highest-paid CEOs (Kaplan, 2009, p. 14). Along his rise to the top, Kozlowski became subjected

Enhancing the Effectiveness of a Therapeutic Session A...

Conducting Therapy: Daniel Yardley is a 25 year old African American male living alone off campus but with a presentation style that appears to be incongruent with his responses. The individual has reported feelings of anxiety and depression but in a confident, upbeat, and secure manner. During the counseling session, Daniel appeared reluctant to offer great details to questions and avoided any eye contact. In addition to denying any homicidal and suicidal ideation, he also reported no past counseling experience. However, he is discouraged by feelings of depression and has attempted to break out of his temper as his self-reported social awkwardness continues to frustrate him. Since people think that he becomes too creepy and intense in relationships, Daniel also reports of numerous difficulties in maintaining relationships. Actually, most of his relationships are reported to be remaining at the superficial level despite of whether they are friendship or romantic in nature. Analysis of the Case: As part of enhancing the effectiveness of the therapeutic session, understanding the case through various approaches and theories is critical in examining the development of the individuals problem and how it can be solved. Actually, the ideas underlying the development of problems and how these problems can be solved are usually known as the therapists theoretical orientation. The theoretical orientation is the fundamental guiding principle in organizing a treatment and willShow MoreRelatedCognitive Theory And Personality Development Essay2207 Words   |  9 Pageson internal motivation (Merrill Strauman, 2004). Both traits are vulnerable to psychological difficulty (depression and anxiety) particularly in the event of interpersonal rejection and loss for sociotropy and personal failure in autonomy. 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Laughter Is the Best Medicine Period A Free Essays

Laughter is the Best Medicine Vikrant Badhwar Period A. There are so many quotes about laughing like, â€Å"Laughter is an instant vacation†, â€Å"Laughter is the shortest distance between two people† and we are all familiar with one of the most well known quotes â€Å"Laughter is the best medicine. † Yes, you guessed it right, my speech topic is â€Å"Laughter is the best medicine. We will write a custom essay sample on Laughter Is the Best Medicine Period A or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Laughter is contagious and it not only improves physical, mental and emotional health but also makes people happier and brings them closer. Laughter helps and overcomes many social barriers. One cannot go through life being miserable all the time and we need to find humor in anything or everything we can. Laughter is free medicine and very easy to use at any place and anytime Laughter is one of the best natural pain killers in the world. There are a lot of health benefits from laughing. What can be a better way to relieve stress and get rid of pain than laughter? Laughing can boost your immune system. When you laugh, it reduces the stress hormones known as cortisol and increases the immune cells that can fight infections and prevent many diseases. Laughter increases a hormone known as endorphins that acts as a pain killer. It gives the body a good feeling and can temporarily relieve pain. Laughter increases the blood flow in our bodies which can prevent the risk of having a heart attack. Did you know that 15 minutes of laughter can be just as good as 2 hours of sleep; one good belly laugh can burn 3 and ? calories, laughing for 15 seconds adds two days to your life span. The Chinese have it right, they laugh more than any other culture in the world! Laughter makes you feel good about yourself and helps you stay emotionally healthy. When you laugh, you get a feeling in your body that makes you feel good. When you laugh, there is no way you will feel angry, sad or even mad, therefore it relieves all your bad emotions. Laughter brings a lot of joy and energy that allows you to have a positive outlook towards life even when you are feeling down. Researchers believe that there is a strong link between laughter and emotional health. Laughter reduces stress and helps you relax. Laughter also helps you stay focused and helps you look at difficult situations more clearly. Laughing by yourself is a great dose of medicine but laughing with others is even better. Shared laughter is considered to be great way of keeping relationships healthy. When you are laughing with others, it helps strengthen the bond between friends, and even helps dissolve a disagreement or conflict that otherwise maybe be harmful to your mental and emotional health. Laughing together can make life fun and enjoyable. Did you know that there are actually Laughter Yoga groups where the Yoga leader actually teaches you how to laugh! There is one group called the â€Å"Laughter Brigade† in India where you can catch a group of people laughing silly early in the morning while doing their routine exercises! As you can see, laughter is not only a free medicine but it can be available anywhere, anytime and in any situation. Laughter’s benefits to our physical, mental, and emotional well being are enormous. Laughing together strengthens the bond, brings people closer and overcome many social barriers. So, I say keep on laughing and add more joy, happiness and love to your daily lives. How to cite Laughter Is the Best Medicine Period A, Essay examples

Management Individual Business Report Supre free essay sample

Supre Pty Ltd, since being founded in Australia in 1984, has achieved great success not only in opening privately owned stores across Australia and New Zealand, but also in providing online shopping opportunities to customers in Countries across the globe (Supre Pty Ltd 2011). This report addresses a proposal for Supre to embrace international expansion by launching a store in the country of Brazil, located in the Latin America and Caribbean Region. This report will firstly evaluate environmental factors, also known as the PESTL Analysis, for consideration when expanding operations internationally and includes Political, Economic, Socio-Cultural, Technological and Legal factors. Brazil is a large country comprising of five distinct regions, so for the purpose of the PESTL analysis the environmental factors will be considered to generally affect the country as a whole and only Brazil’s most relevant positive and/or negative environmental factors will be considered. Secondly, the report will conduct a SWOT analysis to address the Strength and Weaknesses within the organisation as well as the external Opportunities and Threats associated with international expansion of operations to Brazil. Finally, recommendations on the proposal will be presented for consideration by Senior Management of Supre. (Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) 2010) Political Environment Brazil has a long history of corruption and unrest tarnishing Political operations as well as business in the private sector. In 2009, 69. 9% of Brazil firms surveyed by the Enterprise Analysis Unit of the World Bank identified that corruption was a major constraint (Enterprise Surveys 2009). On a financial scale, a local group called Ethos Institute estimated that the cost of corruption in Brazil is $180 billion each year. In 2007 the Ethos Institute demonstrated that positive steps are being taken to address the concerning figures by encouraging 300 Brazilian companies to sign an anti-corruption pact. In addition, the Ethos Institute continues to dramatize the fight to stamp out corruption in Brazil by using an ad campaign with a tagline Either Brazil ends corruption, or corruption will end Brazil (Penteado 1997, 27). In more recent years, Brazil’s democracy has stabilised, encouraging increasing international investment in a country that possesses such a rich business potential. The changes to the political environment of Brazil have occurred as a result of multiple political parties across the political spectrum and Presidents (and officials on the federal and state level) being elected by direct popular vote, after vigorous, open campaigns enforcing mandatory voting by persons aged 16 and over (Noriega and Fogassa 2011). This is an encouraging sign for Supre as the people have the freedom and power to elect leaders that will take them from the depths of poverty to a fully developed and prosperous country abundant with opportunities and choice from international business. Economic Environment Brazil’s population of over 166 million people is attractive to many organisations in the search for international investment, however the economic climate in Brazil has experienced highs and lows throughout its history and even today there remains a pressing issue of economic uncertainty. Despite more recent advancements and steps taken by the Government to address poverty, a percentage of the target consumer market is still affected. In spite of this, a key development in emerging consumer market in Brazil over â€Å"recent years has been the modernisation of the retail sector, highlighted by the entry of major international retail chains into the market and the growth of world class shopping complexes, where all major international brands can be found. Although each of the 26 states and the Federal District retain their own market characteristics, it is interesting to note that this development is true for most major population centres across the country, each now with similar product ranges, modern car parking facilities and the like. This situation will continue to develop as the major retail chains carry forward their plans for further expansion† (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2001). Socio Cultural Environment The culture in Brazil is rich and colourful with their traditional dances, rhythms and carnivals world famous and recognizable. The common language spoken is Portuguese and although the global business environment traditionally converses in English, issues may arise for Supre when recruiting and training local employees for the proposed store. Brazil’s workforce is primarily comprised of unskilled or low level skilled workers, customary for a country struggling with issues relating to poverty and economic uncertainties. This may be a cause for concern for businesses expanding international operations as a lack of qualified and experienced senior staff and employees to operate stores may affect the profitability and success of the venture. Information taken from the World Factbook on Brazil (CIA 2009) revealed that 26. % of Brazil’s population was aged 0-14 (male 27,219,651/ female 26,180,040) and 67% was aged between 15-64 (male 67,524,642/ female 68,809,357), indicating that Brazil has a relatively young population. Supre’s Corporate Culture is focussed towards fun and youthful vibrancy with items retailed towards 14-25 years old females who want affordable clothing representing the global fashion trends. Accordingly, Australian and New Zealand stores employ young women in sales positions who further promote the company’s goals and are comfortable in the â€Å"party† atmosphere. In Brazil however, employing young women may pose an issue due to Brazil’s history of gender inequality. When Geert Hofstedeâ„ ¢ Cultural Dimensions were applied to Brazil it was uncovered that its â€Å"highest Hofstede Dimension is Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) 76, indicating the society’s low level of tolerance for uncertainty. In an effort to minimize or reduce this level of uncertainty, strict rules, laws, policies, and regulations are adopted and implemented. The ultimate goal of this population is to control everything in order to eliminate or avoid the unexpected. As a result of this high Uncertainty Avoidance characteristic, the society does not readily accept change and is very risk adverse† (Hofstede 2011). Technological Environment Brazil is a country gradually climbing out of poverty and into the realm of a developed nation however, despite their best efforts Electricity supply and infrastructure, which is privately operated, continues to be an ongoing ssue with both business and residential areas being affected on a regular basis. Careful consideration is required for any business looking to expand their operations to this country as it seems an affordable and reliable source of Electricity is almost impossible to achieve in Brazil. The following table indicates data collected on Electricity Provision (The World Bank Group 2011) in Brazil: N. B. LAC in the graph refers to Latin American and Caribbean overall. The Economist (February 10, 2011) reported that taxes on electricity in Brazil cost on average, two-thirds more than in the United States of America with the IPEA researchers expecting the average price to rise further in addition with short, localised power cuts becoming common in big cities. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure in Brazil however, appears to be less of an issue for businesses looking to expand their operations internationally. The ICT infrastructure has become a strategic sector in the Growth Acceleration Plan of the Brazilian Government and â€Å"an expansion of e-government and government functions has led to an increased data flow, driving demand for renewal of outdated networks, systems and servers† (Austrade 2010). Brazil Government’s recognition of the need for a strong ICT focus to encourage business is important for Supre as a new store would rely heavily on the ICT to maintain contact with head office located in New South Wales, Australia and to receive business support on a regular basis. Legal Environment Strict laws and regulations govern the Brazil people and their businesses, with international retail operations in the country offered limited exemptions or exceptions. In the 2009 survey conducted by the Enterprise Unit of the World Bank it was also identified that 75. 09% of Brazil firms listed Tax Administration as a Major Constraint as well as drawing attention to the time requirements of government regulations. The survey result showed that 18. 74% of senior management time was spent dealing with government regulations requirements in Brazil, compared with 8. 74% in all countries (Enterprise Surveys 2009). Supre has stores all over Australia and New Zealand which require the attention of senior management, so the increased amount of time required when dealing with government regulations in the proposed Brazil expansion, would have to be considered as a high priority. The extensive taxes on businesses in Brazil are mostly related to a history of government instability and poor decisions made in the past. There are organisations operating in Brazil and Australia to assist with the transition and to help new expansions and businesses to understand the legal environment and operate profitably. Internal Assessment Supre Pty Ltd STRENGTHSWEAKNESSES Affordability of latest fashion clothing for youth * Reputation for fun and colourful attitudes represented in clothing * Demonstrated profitability and success operating Aus. and NZ stores * Online availability of fashion established existing company awareness internationally * Propriety Limited company has less prestige and security to offer int ernational countries * Workforce comprised predominately of unskilled young women * Limited shareholders indicate a requirement to produce capital unassisted Supre Pty Ltd SWOT ANALYSIS * Local businesses in communities the preferred option, low tolerance of uncertainty Multiple and high taxes * Bureaucratic interference and regulations * Cultural trends restricting women in the workforce * Gender inequalities towards females may affect the popularity of fashionable female clothing * Widespread poverty * Unreliable and expensive electricity supply * Abundance of low income consumers indicates need for affordable fashionable clothing * Culture vibrant and focussed on fun, in line with Supre’s Corporate Culture * Foreign investment is welcomed * Climate similar to Australia so few adjustments needed for clothing line * Growth of world class shopping complexes encouraging new business Brazilian Environment OPPORTUNITIESTHREATS External Assessment Brazil’s Environment Recommendations 1. That Supre’ does not expand operations internationally and establish a store to Brazil due to the high risks associated with the unstable economic environment and strictly regulated, highly taxed legal environment. 2. That Supre considers the possibility of becoming a Public Company before expanding internationally to generate additional capital to assist with expansion and present more attractively to International Governments. References Austrade (Australian Trade Commission). 2010. ICT to Brazil. Canberra, A. C. T. : Austrade. CIA (Central Intelligence Agency). 2009. The World Factbook 2009. Washington, DC. :CIA. https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index. html. DFAT (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade). 2001. Doing Business in Brazil: An Introductory Guide. Canberra, A. C. T. : DFAT. Enterprise Surveys. 2009. Featured Snapshot Report: Brazil (2009). http://www. enterprisesurveys. org/ExploreEconomies/? economyid=28year=2009. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). 2010. Brazil Map. http://wwp. greenwichmeantime. com/time-zone/south-america/brazil/map. htm. Hofstede, Geert. 2011. Geert Hofstedeâ„ ¢ Cultural Dimensions: Brazil. ttp://www. geert-hofstede. com/hofstede_brazil. shtml. Noriega, Roger, Marc Fogassa. 2011. â€Å"Brazil is in a Class By Itself. † FoxNews. March 19. http://www. foxnews. com/opinion/2011/03/19/brazil-class. Penteado, Claudia. 1997. â€Å"Global highlight: Brazils Ethos Institutes Corruption Inc. † Advertising Age 78 (6): 27. Supre Pty Ltd. 2011. Hel p FAQ. www. supre. com. au. The World Bank Group. 2011. Making a Difference for Entrepreneurs: Doing Business 2011 – Brazil. http://doingbusiness. org/data/exploreeconomies/brazil. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |